Definitions: Educational technology;
Is the effective use of technological tools
in learning, as a concept, it concerns an array of tools, such as media,
machines and networking hardware, as well as considering theoretical
perspectives for their effective application.
The study and ethical practice of
facilitating learning and improving performance by creating using, and
managing, appropriate technological processes and resources" (AECT. 2004.
P.3).
A
combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs
and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and
their related technologies. (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)
The
combination of instructional, learning, developmental, managerial, and other
technologies as applied to the solution of educational problems
Is a
complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and
organization, for analyzing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating,
and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human
learning
Involves
the applications of systems, techniques, and aids to improve the process of
human learning
Body of
knowledge resulting from the application of the science of teaching and
learning to the real classroom, together with the tools and methodologies
developed to assist in these applications
It can
become a medium through which change can happen
The
systematic application of scientific knowledge to practical tasks
Facilitate
learning processes and increase performance of the educational system(s) as it
regards to effectiveness and/or efficiency.
Systematic,
process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance
Opportunities
for teachers to develop new teaching tools and environments, and for learners
to use as an enhancing learning aid
(Association for
Educational Communications & Technology (AECT))
IMPORTANCE.
·
Access
to variety of learning resources
·
Nearness
to information
·
Anytime&
Anywhere learning
·
Collaborative
learning
·
Multimedia
approach to education
·
Authentic
and up to date information
·
Access
to online libraries
·
Teaching
of different subjects made interesting
·
Educational
data storage
·
Distance
education
·
Access
to the source of information
·
Multiple
communication channels-e-mail, chat, forum, blogs, etc.
·
Access
to open courseware
·
Reduces
time on many routine tasks.
What is Educational
Technology?Educational
technology (also
called learning
technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating
learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources."[1] The term
educational technology is often associated with, and encompasses, instructional theory and learning theory.
While instructional technologycovers the processes and systems of learning and
instruction, educational technology includes other systems used in the process
of developing human capability. Educational Technology includes, but is not
limited to, software, hardware, as well as Internet applications and
activities.
What is Instructional Technology?Instructional technology is "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning," according to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee.
Students can locate information from millions of sources using a computer, online encyclopedias, databases, and the Internet. Computer-based tool software, such as spreadsheets and databases, help students organize and report information. Students create professional-looking products as they report information they have learned using word processing and presentation software. Students use computers as electronic tutors to improve skills such as reading and math.
Teachers use computers and other instructional technologies to present information they want students to know. They also use computers to assess students' learning and identify and report students' learning needs.
What are some examples of educational technologies?
Hmmm...this is a harder question than it might seem.
There is no stable or standard definition of the term - nor of its component words (education, technology). Some people refer to Skype as an educational technology, for example, presumably because it can in theory be used to enable students to video chat with scientists and other professionals remotely. Under this definition, almost any electronic device or piece of software could conceivably be included under the "educational technology" umbrella. For example, if Skype is an educational technology then isn't a telephone also an educational technology of the same sort? Wouldn't two tin cans connected by a string also be an educational technology of generally the same sort?
As another example, there is a whole "Education" category of apps in the iTunes app store. Many people seem to consider any app that is categorized into that category as an "educational technology." There is nothing preventing someone from putting any app at all into the Education category, however (and indeed many people do). The publishers of "Clash of Clans," "Candy Crush," and "Penultimate" could move their apps into the Education category if they wanted. Would that suddenly make them more educational than when they were in the Games or Productivity categories? Hardly. So these kinds of self-applied, ad hoc categories are also not a meaningful basis to identify which technologies are educational technologies.
The term "educational technology" is pretty problematic, in fact. In general it's not the technology that is inherently educational, but the way in which it is used that makes it an educational application of a technology.
It's possible to define some useful definitions, although any attempt to do that will surely spark arguments from people with differing views.
But let's give it a go anyway.
First, we need operational definitions of "education" and "technology."
Education
Education is not a well-defined concept. It is sometimes used, for example, to refer to a process (e.g., systematic instruction), and at other times it is used to refer to a product or outcome (e.g., knowledge gained). Sometimes people mean a formal system of instruction with explicit learning objectives, sometimes people mean any formal or informal experience that stimulates learning, and sometimes people would include under "education" a certain kind of experience - or any experience, whether there's any reason to believe learning occurred or not.
Technology
Broadly construed, technology could include a very diverse array of tools and artifacts. A pencil, a piece of paper, or a chalkboard, for example, could reasonably be considered educational technologies under the broadest definition.
When people talk about "educational technology" today, they typically mean "high technology" and, more specifically, they usually mean electronic technologies like computers and the internet.
Educational Technology
If we want a definition of educational technology that makes meaningful distinctions (doesn't include everything) and reflects how people commonly use the term, then we might define it something like this:
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives OR provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a teacher, tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.
Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning objectives have been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of Educational Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning objectives
3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of instructional technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology, you should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use evidence-based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate which apps labeled "Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective instruction. Interestingly, they have found that only two of the top 10 Education Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point above about the problems with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to what is and is not educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
If you are interested in an example of educational technology that supports education without specifying specific learning objectives, check out Socrative (http://www.socrative.com). They provide a general-purpose platform enabling formative assessment using any kind of web-enabled device. This qualifies as an educational technology because it wouldn't be feasible to do what they do without the technology.
Differentiate between technology of education and technology in education.
Difference Between Technology of Education and Technology in Education
Technology of Education vs Technology in Education
What is Technology of Education?
What is Technology in Education?
What is the difference between Technology of Education and Technology in Education?
Using Technology to Enhance Teaching & Learning
Blackboard
Presentation Software
Classroom Response Systems ("clickers")
Online Projects and Collaboration Tools
Information Visualization Tools
Flipping the Classroom
Podcasts
Games
Teaching with Tablet Computers
Converting a Face-to-Face Course to an Online Course
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives OR provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a teacher, tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.
Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning objectives have been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of Educational Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning objectives
3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of instructional technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology, you should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use evidence-based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate which apps labeled "Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective instruction. Interestingly, they have found that only two of the top 10 Education Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point above about the problems with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to what is and is not educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
What is Instructional Technology?Instructional technology is "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning," according to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee.
Students can locate information from millions of sources using a computer, online encyclopedias, databases, and the Internet. Computer-based tool software, such as spreadsheets and databases, help students organize and report information. Students create professional-looking products as they report information they have learned using word processing and presentation software. Students use computers as electronic tutors to improve skills such as reading and math.
Teachers use computers and other instructional technologies to present information they want students to know. They also use computers to assess students' learning and identify and report students' learning needs.
What are some examples of educational technologies?
Hmmm...this is a harder question than it might seem.
There is no stable or standard definition of the term - nor of its component words (education, technology). Some people refer to Skype as an educational technology, for example, presumably because it can in theory be used to enable students to video chat with scientists and other professionals remotely. Under this definition, almost any electronic device or piece of software could conceivably be included under the "educational technology" umbrella. For example, if Skype is an educational technology then isn't a telephone also an educational technology of the same sort? Wouldn't two tin cans connected by a string also be an educational technology of generally the same sort?
As another example, there is a whole "Education" category of apps in the iTunes app store. Many people seem to consider any app that is categorized into that category as an "educational technology." There is nothing preventing someone from putting any app at all into the Education category, however (and indeed many people do). The publishers of "Clash of Clans," "Candy Crush," and "Penultimate" could move their apps into the Education category if they wanted. Would that suddenly make them more educational than when they were in the Games or Productivity categories? Hardly. So these kinds of self-applied, ad hoc categories are also not a meaningful basis to identify which technologies are educational technologies.
The term "educational technology" is pretty problematic, in fact. In general it's not the technology that is inherently educational, but the way in which it is used that makes it an educational application of a technology.
It's possible to define some useful definitions, although any attempt to do that will surely spark arguments from people with differing views.
But let's give it a go anyway.
First, we need operational definitions of "education" and "technology."
Education
Education is not a well-defined concept. It is sometimes used, for example, to refer to a process (e.g., systematic instruction), and at other times it is used to refer to a product or outcome (e.g., knowledge gained). Sometimes people mean a formal system of instruction with explicit learning objectives, sometimes people mean any formal or informal experience that stimulates learning, and sometimes people would include under "education" a certain kind of experience - or any experience, whether there's any reason to believe learning occurred or not.
Technology
Broadly construed, technology could include a very diverse array of tools and artifacts. A pencil, a piece of paper, or a chalkboard, for example, could reasonably be considered educational technologies under the broadest definition.
When people talk about "educational technology" today, they typically mean "high technology" and, more specifically, they usually mean electronic technologies like computers and the internet.
Educational Technology
If we want a definition of educational technology that makes meaningful distinctions (doesn't include everything) and reflects how people commonly use the term, then we might define it something like this:
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives OR provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a teacher, tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.
Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning objectives have been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of Educational Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning objectives
3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of instructional technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology, you should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use evidence-based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate which apps labeled "Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective instruction. Interestingly, they have found that only two of the top 10 Education Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point above about the problems with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to what is and is not educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
If you are interested in an example of educational technology that supports education without specifying specific learning objectives, check out Socrative (http://www.socrative.com). They provide a general-purpose platform enabling formative assessment using any kind of web-enabled device. This qualifies as an educational technology because it wouldn't be feasible to do what they do without the technology.
Differentiate between technology of education and technology in education.
Difference Between Technology of Education and Technology in Education
Technology of Education vs Technology in Education
What is Technology of Education?
What is Technology in Education?
What is the difference between Technology of Education and Technology in Education?
Using Technology to Enhance Teaching & Learning
Blackboard
Presentation Software
Classroom Response Systems ("clickers")
Online Projects and Collaboration Tools
Information Visualization Tools
Flipping the Classroom
Podcasts
Games
Teaching with Tablet Computers
Converting a Face-to-Face Course to an Online Course
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives OR provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a teacher, tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.
Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning objectives have been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of Educational Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning objectives
3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of instructional technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology, you should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use evidence-based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate which apps labeled "Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective instruction. Interestingly, they have found that only two of the top 10 Education Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point above about the problems with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to what is and is not educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
·
It is a part of educational technology. It also covers the
processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational technology
includes other systems used in the process of developing human capability.
·
It is the use of a variety of teaching tools to improve student
learning. We usually think of computers and computer software when we think of
instructional technology, but instructional technologies are not limited to
computers in the classroom.
·
It describes all tools that are used for teaching and learning
such as: cameras, CD players, PDA's, GPS devices, computer-based probes,
calculators and electronic tools we have yet to discover.Students and teachers
use computer software and Internet resources to locate, process, and present
information, learn and assess their skills.
Educational
Technology:
·
Is specific to the development of teaching and learning
·
Applies theories of instruction, learning, behavioral and
cognitive psychology to assessment, design, implementation, and evaluation of
instructional material
·
Applies research, theory, technologies, and psychology to solve
instructional and performance problems
·
Is an approach used to achieve the ends of education
Instructional
Technology, a broader term, that:
·
Deals with the process of using technology for instruction
·
Describes the technologies that facilitate access to information
of all types
·
Acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of
information in all of its forms.
·
Evaluation, management, and integration of instruction with
tools available.
Summarising
the above points …. though instructional technology and educational technology
appear to be synonymous, instructional technology is the tool while educational
technology is the procedure for using that tool.
Hope it helps!
The
difference between educational technology and instructional technology has to
do the scope of the fields. Educational technology embraces all areas of technology
in any field of education. Instructional technology covers a more narrow field
dealing with all types of teaching and learning.
In education, instructional
technology is "the theory and practice of design, development,
utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for
learning," according to the Association for Educational Communications and
Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee. Instructional
technology is often referred to as a part of educational technology but the use
of these terms has changed over the years. Educational technology is the study
and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by
creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and
resources." Labels do matter! While instructional technology covers the
processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational technology
includes other systems used in the process of developing human capability.
Instruction technoligy
covers more narrow field dealing with all types of teaching and learning.
Educational technoligy is the study ethical practice of learning and improving
performance by creating using and managing a propriate technological processes
resource.
If I may say simply, Educational technology is to use your brain
to learn and observe and Instructional technology is to use your brain with the
hands on learning.
Objectives
of Educational Technology (E.T) are as follows:
1. To Develop proficiency with the tools of
technology
3. To Design and share information for global
communities to meet a variety of purposes
4. To manage,
analyze and synthesize multiple streams of simultaneous information
5. To create,
critique, analyze, and evaluate multi-media texts
6. To Attend
to the ethical responsibilities required by these complex environments
7. To
determine the goals and formulate the objectives in behavioral terms.
8. To analyze the characteristics of learner.
9. To organize the content in logical or
psychological sequence.
10. To mediate between content and resources
of presentation.
11. To provide the feedback among
other components for the modification of learners.
12. To evaluate the learners
performance in terms of achieving educational objective
References: hhttp://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/3468-the-importance-of-teaching-technology-to-teachers.
12 Answers
Michael Connell, CEO and Co-Founder, Native Brain
Technology of education deals with systematic application of the
resources of scientific knowledge of the processes of learning that each
individual has to pass through in order to acquire and use knowledge.
Technology in education refers to the use of technological hardware in
education.
Technology Education vs Educational Technology
Technology Education is the area
of education that specifically concerns the professional organization, the
International Technology Education Association (ITEA), and for which ITEA’s
Technology for All Americans Project (TfAAP) developed the set of technological
literacy standards contained in Standards for
Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology (STL) and Advancing Excellence in Technological
Literacy: Student Assessment, Professional Development, and Program Standard (STL).
·
Technology Education is also called the Study of
Technology or Technological Studies.
·
Technology Education teaches about technology as an educational area of
content.
·
Technology Education is concerned with a broad spectrum of technology,
which is any innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to
satisfy perceived human needs and wants, and how technology accomplishes this
through the interrelated disciplines of math, science, engineering, and others.
·
The primary goal of Technology Education in grades K—12 is to develop
technological literacy in all students. Technological literacy is the ability
to use, manage, understand, and evaluate technology in general.
Educational Technology focuses on
the use of computers, information systems*,
audiovisual equipment, and other media.
·
Educational Technology is also called Instructional Technology or Information Technology (IT)
·
Educational Technology is mainly concerned with the narrow spectrum of
technologies used for communication and the dissemination of information.
·
Educational Technology teaches through technology, instructing students
in the use of a relatively small set of tools developed by technology.
·
The primary goal of Educational Technology in grades K—12 is to enhance
the teaching and learning process.
Additional clarification between technology education and educational
technology is provided by the following article, which appeared in The Technology Teacher, a professional* journal* published by ITEA. The article is reproduced
with permission from ITEA (PDF format, 5 pages, 131 KB).
Technology of Education and Technology in Education are two
phrases that are confusing to many. Education has come a long way since early
days though it encompasses a lot more than what was there to be taught in
earlier times, and technology has made it easier for both the teachers and
students to learn easily. The advancements in technology are not limited to
gadgets and appliances used by people in daily life, it has reached schools and
classrooms to ease the way education is imparted and absorbed by students.
There are two phrases in this connection that are often confusing for people as
they sound similar but are different. This article intends to find the
difference between technology of education and technology in education.
Technology of education is also referred to as educational
technology and is in reality incorporation of IT into the realm of classroom.
This is a constantly evolving field that depends upon technological
advancements. The use of technology in education has many advantages just as
technology has enriched the world in all walks of life. One can see and feel
the change in air as classrooms are becoming modern and teachers and students
are benefiting with gadgets such as smart boards and computers.
The advent of the internet has made a sea of change in the way
teachers can demonstrate concepts and ideas to children and make learning
almost fun. Information today has been encapsulated in the internet which can
be beautifully used to allow learning be a fun rather than being a drudgery
which it used to be in earlier times.
What this has meant is that education is no longer limited to
the privileged few, and even those who are downtrodden and poor can learn all
the ideas and concepts which were like a dream to them in earlier times.
Internet today has become very commonplace and its true potential can be
realized by disseminating knowledge through it to all, without any discrimination.
Technology in education is not limited to making use of
technology to make learning and imparting of education easier in all possible
ways but also a field of study in itself for those who are involved with developing
technological tools for educational purposes. Keeping in mind the end user
which are the students and teachers, technologists are busy inventing tools and
gadgets for use in classrooms. These are the people who are behind this
revolution and are working overtime in the field of educational technology to
cover all the processes of learning and instruction.
Technology in education refers to but is not limited to the use
of hardware and software, including internet and other related activities, for
the purpose of increasing human capabilities. The use of technology in
education is always welcome as it enables both teachers and students to gain
knowledge in a much better and faster rate. Nevertheless, ultimately it is
teachers who make use of all the technology and hence, they will remain as
important as ever, and technology can never even think of replacing teachers.
•
Technology of education is the incorporation of IT into the realm of classroom.
•
Technology in education is not limited to making use of technology to make
learning and imparting of education easier in all possible ways but also a
field of study in itself for those who are involved with developing technological
tools for educational purposes. It is a much broader area that technology of
education.
Technology provides
numerous tools that teachers can use in and out of the classroom to enhance
student learning. This page provides an introduction to some of the most
common.
Faculty members should
consult SMU's office of Academic Technology
Services, which provides many
kinds of support, including hands-on training in using classroom technology.
(Click here for classroom-specific
information about the setup in
many campus buildings). SMU's STAR (Student Technology
Assistant in Residence) Program is also available to help with short-term instructional
technology projects.
There are also numerous
on-line resources about using technology to enhance teaching in a number of
different ways. For example, Teaching with Technology 2, from the Learning Technology Consortium, offers 17
peer-reviewed essays on using different kinds of educational technology, and
the book can be downloaded for free. MERLOT is a huge, peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary resource for
learning and online teaching. Here's a curated list, from About.me to Zotero, of free online
tools that you can use in your teaching.
Below are links to
resources on using specific types of teaching and learning tools.
SMU uses the course
management system Blackboard. For help creating Blackboard courses and
learning the basics, consult Academic Technology's Blackboard help page, as well as this Blackboard online tutorial. Access your Blackboard courses here.
Sometimes it's helpful to
provide visual aids to complement teaching, stimulate discussion, or allow
out-of-class teaching. Tools designed for this purpose, such as PowerPoint, can
be used well or used badly. Click here for resources that provide advice for thoughtful use of
PowerPoint, as well as a few additional presentation tools.
One way to encourage
student engagement is by using electronic devices that allow students to record
their answers to multiple choice questions and allow you to instantly display
the results. The anonymity encourages participation, and their answers help the
teacher know when further discussion is needed. Use of clickers can also
serve as a catalyst for discussion. Click here to learn more about using response systems effectively.
Technology can support
student collaboration on creating new knowledge, reflecting on what they are
learning, or working together to achieve a deeper understanding of course
material. These articles provide ideas about their use and
misuse.
Technology can also
clarify and stimulate thought through transforming words into
pictures. Here are some tools to help lead your students to think more
critically by encouraging them to visually structure information.
How can we make the best
use of the classroom time we have with our students? Sometimes a great way to
move them toward higher levels of understanding is to move the lecture out of
the classroom, and use in-person time for interactions that require applying,
synthesizing, and creating. "Flipping" doesn't have to use
technology, but tools such as videos, podcasts, online quizzes and the like can
help in and out of class activity work together. These resources explain the theory underlying this
teaching method and provide practical suggestions for making it work.
Whether for a flipped
class or just as a resource for your students, you may want to create a podcast
that conveys information students need for initial learning or review.
SMU's Academic Technology Service can provide instruction on creating podcasts, and will loan you
a podcasting kit. These articles discuss how to make and use podcasts
effectively.
What could be more
engaging than a good game, used well? These articles discuss why a game may lead to deeper
learning and give some examples of their use in higher education.
We're only beginning to
explore their many possibilities for higher education. Here are some ideas.
Teaching online, whether
in a hybrid course or a wholly-online course, requires different techniques and
different tools. Without the F2F contact, professors will need to be even
clearer about setting and articulating expectations for digital work and
participation. Encouraging interaction between professor and student and
among students is an additional challenge, as is monitoring student learning as
the course progresses. The online environment requires the use of basic
technologies to digitize course materials as well as mastery of the
university's learning management system. And various tools like Skype allow synchronous communications, while blogs and Twitter can
encourage asynchronous interaction. Here are some ideas to get you started.
THE
DOMAINS IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
(SEELS
& RICHEY, 1994)
There are five domains in educational technology.
1.
Design: refers to the process of specifying
conditions for learning
2.
Development: refers to the process of
translating the design specifications into physical form
3.
Utilization: refers to the use of
processes and resources for learning
4.
Management: Management refers to
processes for controlling instructional technology
5.
Evaluation & Analysis: is the process for
determining the adequacy of instruction.
References:
Historical Background Education
Technology.
The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time
when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented
pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.” (Paul
Saettler, 1990)
History of Technology. (Computers)
6
Abacus---Approximately
3000 BC
6
Calculators---1600s
6
Punched
Card Devices---1800s
6
First
Electronic Computers---1940s
6
Mainframes---1950s
6
Minicomputers---1960s
6
Microcomputers---1970s
6
Microcomputer
Systems---1980s
6
Internet---1990s
Quintilian Roman Teacher (2 Oct
100): Quintilian uses competition to encourage student improvement rather
than corporal punishment. He actually lived in 68 C.E. but the timeline will
not let me go below 100 C.E.
Moveable Metal Print Technology (1 Jan 1377): In 1377, a Korean
monk named Begum invented a metal moveable type technology to produce the book
"Jikiji" containing Zen philosophy.
Each character or letter was cast in a separate metal piece and could
then be reused. His moveable type press
precedes the Guten burg press by over 300 years.
The Gutenberg Printing Press (1 Jan 1454): While Johannes Gutenberg
did not invent moveable type; he developed a machine capable of producing pages
of text using a mobile, reusable set of type.
His commercial printer combined the use of metal print technology and
the traditional screw press and marked the beginning of the printing
revolution.
The Chinese Abacus (1 Jan 1500): The Chinese Abacus as we know it
today was invented by during the Ming Dynasty (1388-1644) by mathematician
Cheng Dawei. It was used to teach basic
math skills including finding square and cube roots. It remains an important instructional tool in
parts of the world today and is celebrated with a national holiday in China!
Invention of the Slide Rule (1 Jan 1622): In 1622, Anglican
minister and mathematician William Oughtred developed the slide rule, a
precursor to the modern calculator. He
inscribed logarithms on two pieces of wood or ivory, which were used to perform
complex calculations.
Orbus pictus (The World in Pictures): (1 Jan 1658): John Amos
Comenius was recognized as the pioneer of instructional technology. He was an
educational reformer who wrote Orbus pictus (The World in Pictures) published
in 1658. This book illustrated how to teach children for studying Latin and
Sciences with visual aids.
Lancaster publishes manuals focused on classroom and economics
management.(1 Jan 1803): An improvement in Education Joseph Lancaster
publishes Improvements in Education - a manuals focused on classroom management
and economics. Schools in America began to focus on mass instruction and more
efficient management.
First use of the chalkboard in a classroom. (1 Jan 1817): Claude
Crozet developed the first chalkboard by painting a wall black and writing on
it with chalk. West Point Academy was one of the first places to use
chalkboards in the classroom.
First Normal School Established (1 Jan 1839): First state-funded
school for public school teacher education - also known as a "normal
school” - was founded in Lexington, Massachusetts. The normal schools provided a laboratory for
learning using model classrooms as a place for students to "practice"
their new teaching skills.
First American Kindergarten established (1 Jan 1855): The first
American kindergarten was established in 1855 by Mrs. Carl Schurz in Watertown,
Wisconsin.
Invention of the Microphone (14 Apr 1877): This drum like device is
a carbon-button microphone, patented by Emile Berliner in 1877. It was one of
the first ever created and by far the most usable. He worked with Thomas Edison on this
invention.
Invention of the Phonograph (12 Aug 1877): Thomas Alva Edison
created many inventions, but his favorite was the phonograph. While working on
improvements to the telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured out a way to
record sound on tinfoil-coated cylinders. In 1877, he created a machine with
two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When Edison spoke into the
mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of his voice would be indented onto the
cylinder by the recording needle.
First School Museum in St. Louis, Missouri (3 Oct 1905): The first
school museum opened in St. Louis, Missouri. It served as a central place to
distribute slides, films, charts, and other instructional materials.
DEAC established (1 Jan 1926): Distance Education Accrediting
Commission is founded to promote education quality and ethical business
practices for correspondence education programs.
Jean Piaget introduces Cognitive Development Theory (30 Sep 1929): Jean
Piaget introduces Cognitive Development Theory, which proposed four primary
stages of cognitive development: sensor motor stage (birth to age 2),
preoperational stage (ages 3-7), concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) and a
formal operational stage (age 11 and up). This creates a focus on age
appropriate curriculum to match the students’ cognitive abilities.
World War II (1 Sep 1939): Training films and filmstrips were used
extensively to prepare military personnel during World War II. Millions watched
the films on overhead projectors with sound equipment to receive training at a
very fast pace. Simulators were also introduced to train US Air Force personnel
in as realistic an environment as possible.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (4 Oct 1956): Bloom
publishes the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, which proposes three learning
domains (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) and six levels (knowledge,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation).
Erik Erikson presents his Psychosocial Development Theory (30 Sep 1959):
Erik Erikson, influenced by Freudian psychology, took Piglets stages a step
further; postulating his Psychosocial Development Theory. Which consist of
eight stages of development that span the entire life of an individual?
“Erikson’s contribution is the extension of cognitive development theory beyond
adolescence into adulthood, maturity, and old age.”
Classroom Response Systems Originate (1 Jan 1960): Classroom response systems are becoming an
integral part of most K-12 and higher education classrooms. They were
originally used in higher education classrooms during the 1960s.
Invention of the Computer Mouse (1 Jan 1963): The computer mouse was
invented and developed by Douglas Engelbart with the help of Bill English. Although he invented it in 1963, he did not
receive a patent on it until November 17, 1970.
Electronic handheld calculator invented (1 Dec 1966): In late 1966,
Texas Instruments, Inc. introduced the first, electronic handheld calculator
known as “Cal Tech.” It was the first
miniature calculator with circuitry able to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. It had a small keyboard with 18 keys and a visual
output that displayed up to 12 decimal digits.
Results were printed to a paper tape. It was also “compact” enough to be
held in your hand!
Scriven coins terms formative assessment and summative evaluation (1
Jan 1967): Types of Evaluations in Instructional Design Michael Scriven
coins formative evaluation (testing materials during the design process) and
summative evaluation (at the final stage).
Apple Computer, Inc. is born (1 Apr 1976): Apple Computer, Inc. was
created by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. Their first computer - Apple I - was created
in a garage and was sold without a monitor keyboard or casing! Their goal was to create an easy-to-use
computer for home and office. The
company has evolved over the years and remains a dominant force and leader in
computers and other related technologies.
Oregon Trail debuts as educational computer game (3 Dec 1971): Written
for an 8th grade history class in Minnesota, the Oregon Trail used computer
gaming as an instructional tool. Players
lead a family of settlers to Oregon and encounter realistic obstacles that
would be encountered during travels of this magnitude in the 1800s'.
Scantrons were invented (1 Oct 1972): Scantrons were invented to
make grading easier for teachers. They are graded by machines.
ADDIE model introduced (1 Jan 1976): ADDIE model Florida State
University designs the ADDIE model for instructional design - analyze, design,
development, implementation, evaluation.
SMART Board introduced (1 Jan 1993): SMART Board site: SMART Boards
currently play an integral part of some teacher's every day activities. By
making and providing interactive materials the teacher doesn't need to spend
the whole time at the board, students can take charge and lead discussions with
interactive materials and projects.
Launch of Wikipedia (15 Jan 2001): Wikipedia has been a
revolutionary tool in the modern history of educational technology, as it is a
free encyclopedia that allows all users to contribute to, edit, and take in
information on all manner of topics. Wikipedia is increasingly being found in
scholarly research (Huggett, 2012).
Launch of YouTube (14 Feb 2005): YouTube has allowed all users to
create and share educational and informative videos on any given topic. YouTube
videos have changed the face of modern education and educational technology, as
teachers can readily and easily point their students to a helpful YouTube
videos for supplemental instruction, or rely on YouTube videos in the course of
regular instruction (Jaworksi, 2012).- Contributed by Jennifer Richardson
Launch of Khan Academy (1 Sep 2006): Khan Academy is one of the
world's most popular educational websites, providing free access to video and
interactive learning material to users. No longer can education only be
obtained from traditional schools or teachers. Go right to Khan Academy!
First iPhone Available to the Public (29 Jun 2007): First iPhone
Available to the public. (Alba, 2015). The advent of smart phone technology has
given all owners access to the world at their fingertips. Users virtually carry
"encyclopedias” and access to the entire world's information in our back
pockets.
iPad Introduced to the World (3 Apr 2010): iPods in Education iPods
in Education</a>The iPad is first sold, and immediately used in
classrooms to support learning. Banister, S. (2010). Integrating the iPad touch
in K–12 education: Visions and vices.
Distance learning over 5.6 million (1 Aug 2012): In the fall of
2012, over 5.6 million postsecondary students are enrolled in some type of
distance learning.
Kahoot! Officially Launches (1 Jan 2013): Kahoot Website: Kahoot! A
game based review tool for teacher’s launches. Currently used across many
countries in different languages where both students and teachers can create
mini assessments to use as review guides and participation activities.
Term "Digital Native" is Coined. (30 Sep 2015): Coining
of the term “digital native”, for the youth who have grown up in the digital
age. This generation is technically proficient and capable of auto-didactic
learning with the use of modern tools. These students ability to utilize those
tools threatens the nature of a traditional education and even “adult-child
relationships”
References:
http://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/3468-the-importance-of-teaching-technology-to-teachers.
Claremont Graduate University
(http://cgu.edu/pages/4745.asp)
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